Global population issues have been changing rapidly. The issues vary across countries and sub-national regions. Indonesia, the third most populous country in Asia with about 273 million people in 2020, is not an exception. Indonesia’s population issues have changed from its past to the present and will continue to shift in the future. This presentation will discuss the primary population issues of the giant archipelagic nation in the world for about 100 years, from its independence in 1945 until 2045. Within this timespan, Indonesia’s demographic transition has been undergoing three different political regimes shifting from the Old Order era (pro-natalist), New Order era (anti-natalist) and Reform/democratic era. More specifically this presentation will focus on the population dynamics, ethno-demography and future mega-demographic trends in Indonesia.